Modified protein

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure a cohort of sialic acid binding molecules which comprise one or more modified carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs). The modified CBMs reduce the risk of adverse events related to the host immune response and/or the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). The modified CBMs can be used in therapy or as medicaments and find specific application as molecules for the modulation of an immune response and/or cell growth. The modified CBMs may also be used as adjuvants, for example mucosal adjuvants and in the treatment and/or prevention of cancer, sepsis and/or diseases caused or contributed to by a pathogen that binds cell surface sialic acid-containing receptors.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/733,350, filed Jul. 8, 2020, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national stage application of PCT Application No. PCT/GB2019/050053, filed on Jan. 9, 2019, which claims priority from United Kingdom Patent Application No. 1800334.3, filed on Jan. 9, 2018, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The above-referenced PCT International Application was published in the English language as International Publication No. WO 2019/138222 A1 on Jul. 18, 2019.

STATEMENT REGARDING ELECTRONIC FILING OF A SEQUENCE LISTING

A Sequence Listing in XML format, entitled PG447942USA—Sequence listing (updated).xml, 34 kilobytes in size, generated on Sep. 6, 2022, and filed herewith, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for its disclosures.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel sialic acid binding molecules and uses (including medical uses) of the same.

BACKGROUND

Sialic-acid binding carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) (including those derived from Vibrio cholerae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and multi-valent forms thereof) have been shown to be effective antimicrobial agents with some shown to protect mice against a lethal challenge of H7N9 influenza virus. The biologic, Sp2CBMTD, contains two copies of a CBM Family 40 domain from S. pneumoniae neuraminidase A (SpCBM) genetically fused to the trimerization domain from Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudaminidase (PaTD). The protein assembles via the trimerization domain to form an oligomer containing six copies of SpCBM.

However, with any protein-based therapeutic, there is a risk of adverse effects associated with the patient's immune responses to the biologic. In some cases, the biologic may induce the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) which can result in the formation of immune complexes (ICs) between the ADA and the drug. The presence of such complexes may reduce the effectiveness or alter the half-life of the therapeutic, or could cause adverse effects such as hypersensitivity reactions.

There are a number of factors that influence the immunogenicity of a protein. One key determinant is the presence of intrinsic epitopes that can trigger T-cell dependent events that lead to antibody production. T-cells recognize short peptide fragments derived from the processing of the protein antigen that occurs within an antigen-presenting cell (APC). Some of these fragments will form complexes with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, and, if bound stably enough, will be carried to the surface of the APC and presented to T-cells. The recognition of non-self peptide by the T-cell receptor triggers the subsequent immune response.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides a novel cohort of sialic acid binding molecules.

The sialic acid binding molecules described herein may comprise one or more modified carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs).

As stated, with any protein-based therapeutic, there is the risk of adverse effects associated with the patient's immune responses to the biologic. The biologic may elicit the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) which can result in the formation of immune complexes (ICs) between the ADA and the drug. The presence of such complexes may reduce the effectiveness, alter the half-life of the therapeutic or could cause adverse effects such as hypersensitivity reactions. The disclosed CBMs have been subject to modification so as to reduce the risk of these adverse effects.

Carbohydrate binding modules are classified into families and CBMs classed as members of the Family 40 CBMs (CBM40) may be useful in the manufacture of the modified molecules described herein. The Family 40 CBMs embrace molecules of approximately 200 residues and are often found at the N-terminus of GH33 sialidases. They may also be found inserted in the β-propeller of GH33 sialidases.

As such, the sialic acid binding molecules described herein may comprise one or more modified Family 40 carbohydrate binding modules (CBM40s).

Throughout this specification the term “comprising” is used to denote that embodiments “comprise” the noted features and as such, may also include other features. However, the term “comprising” may also encompass embodiments which “consist essentially of” the relevant features or “consist of” the relevant features.

In view of the above, the disclosure may embrace molecules, for example, larger molecules, which comprise a sialic acid binding component. As stated, that sialic acid binding component (i.e. the sialic acid binding molecule) may itself comprise (consist of or consist essentially of) a modified CBM, for example, a modified CBM40. By way of (non-limiting) example, the molecules of this disclosure may not only exhibit an ability to bind sialic acid, but may also have one or more other functions. For example, the molecules may have enzymatic activity. For example, a useful molecule may comprise a modified CBM (as described herein) and exhibit some sialidase activity.

In one embodiment, the CBM may not be provided as part of, or comprised within, a molecule with enzymatic (for example sialidase) activity.

A useful sialic acid binding molecule may be a fusion protein comprising an enzymatic portion and a sialic acid binding portion—wherein the sialic acid binding portion comprises a modified CBM as described herein. In such cases, the enzymatic portion may be fused to the sialic acid binding portion. As stated, the enzymatic portion of any useful fusion protein may comprise (or have, or exhibit) sialidase activity.

The term “modified” embraces molecules which contain one or more mutations relative to a reference sequence.

A “reference sequence” may be any wild type CBM sequence. For example, a reference sequence may comprise, consist essentially of or consist of a wild type family 40 CBM sequence, e.g. the wild type CBM sequences from Vibrio cholerae NanH sialidase or Streptococcus pneumoniae NanA sialidase (it should be appreciated that similar or homologous CBMs (including CBM40s) present in other organisms are to be encompassed within the scope of the term “CBM” and/or as CBM reference sequences).

Accordingly, a modified CBM sequence may be derived from a specific or particular wild type CBM.

A modified CBM sequence may comprise a wild type CBM sequence which includes one or more mutations.

The one or more mutations may be functional—that is to say they may individually (and/or independently) or collectively (for example, synergistically) modulate (alter, improve or suppress/inhibit) one or more of the physiological, biological immunological and/or pharmacological properties characteristic of a wild type CBM (for example the wild type CBM from which the modified CBM is derived). In particular, the one or more mutations may:

-   -   (i) alter the immunogenicity (or antigenicity) of the CBM;         and/or     -   (ii) alter (for example improve) the efficacy (of the CBM or of         any multimeric molecule comprising a modified CBM)′ and/or     -   (iii) they may modulate (for example improve) the         thermostability of the CBM; and/or     -   (iv) they may modulate (for example improve) the solubility of         the CBM; and/or     -   (v) they may modulate (for example improve) the in vivo         half-life of the molecule.

A “mutation” may include any alteration to the wild-type CBM molecule. For example, the term “mutation” may embrace, for example:

-   -   (i) one or more amino acid substitution(s) (where one or more of         the wild type amino acid(s) is/are swapped or changed for         another (different) amino acid—the term “substitutions” would         include conservative amino acid substitutions); and/or     -   (ii) one or more amino acid deletion(s) (where one or more of         the wild type amino acid residue(s) are removed); and/or     -   (iii) one or more amino acid addition(s)/insertion(s) (where         additional amino acid residue(s) are added to a wild type (or         reference) primary sequence); and/or     -   (iv) one or more amino acid/sequence inversions (usually where         two or more consecutive amino acids in a primary sequence are         reversed; and/or     -   (v) one or more amino acid/sequence duplications (where an amino         acid or a part of the primary amino acid sequence (for example a         stretch of 5-10 amino acids) is repeated)

As stated, a modified CBM according to this disclosure may comprise one or more of the mutations described herein.

An exemplary wild type CBM (in other words a reference sequence from which a useful modified CBM may be derived) is Streptococcus pneumoniae NanA sialidase—the amino acid sequence for which has been deposited under accession number P62575 and is reproduced below as SEQ ID NO: 1 (1035 amino acids).

SEQ ID NO: 1 MSYFRNRDID IERNSMNRSV QERKCRYSIR KLSVGAVSMI  VGAVVFGTSP VLAQEGASEQ PLANETQLSG ESSTLTDTEK  SQPSSETELS GNKQEQERKD KQEEKIPRDY YARDLENVET VIEKEDVETN ASNGQRVDLS SELDKLKKLE NATVHMEFKP  DAKAPAFYNL FSVSSATKKD EYFTMAVYNN TATLEGRGSD  GKQFYNNYND APLKVKPGQW NSVTFTVEKP TAELPKGRVR LYVNGVLSRT SLRSGNFIKD MPDVTHVQIG ATKRANNTVW  GSNLQIRNLT VYNRALTPEE VQKRSQLFKR SDLEKKLPEG  AALTEKTDIF ESGRNGKPNK DGIKSYRIPA LLKTDKGTLI AGADERRLHS SDWGDIGMVI RRSEDNGKTW GDRVTITNLR  DNPKASDPSI GSPVNIDMVL VQDPETKRIF SIYDMFPEGK  GIFGMSSQKE EAYKKIDGKT YQILYREGEK GAYTIRENGT VYTPDGKATD YRVVVDPVKP AYSDKGDLYK GNQLLGNIYF  TTNKTSPFRI AKDSYLWMSY SDDDGKTWSA PQDITPMVKA  DWMKFLGVGP GTGIVLRNGP HKGRILIPVY TTNNVSHLNG SQSSRIIYSD DHGKTWHAGE AVNDNRQVDG QKIHSSTMNN  RRAQNTESTV VQLNNGDVKL FMRGLTGDLQ VATSKDGGVT  WEKDIKRYPQ VKDVYVQMSA THTMHEGKEY ITLSNAGGPK RENGMVHLAR VEENGELTWL KHNPIQKGEF AYNSLQELGN  GEYGILYEHT EKGQNAYTLS FRKFNWDFLS KDLISPTEAK  VKRTREMGKG VIGLEFDSEV LVNKAPTLQL ANGKTARFMT QYDTKTLLFT VDSEDMGQKV TGLAEGAIES MHNLPVSVAG  TKLSNGMNGS EAAVHEVPEY TGPLGTSGEE PAPTVEKPEY  TGPLGTSGEE PAPTVEKPEY TGPLGTAGEE AAPTVEKPEF TGGVNGTEPA VHEIAEYKGS DSLVTLTTKE DYTYKAPLAQ  QALPETGNKE SDLLASLGLT AFFLGLFTLG KKREQ

The CBM region of SEQ ID NO: 1 is from amino acid residue 121 to 305—this sequence is designated SEQ ID NO: 2 (that sequence being: VIEKEDVETN ASNGQRVDLS SELDKLKKLE NATVHMEFKP DAKAPAFYNL FSVSSATKKD EYFTMAVYNN TATLEGRGSD GKQFYNNYND APLKVKPGQW NSVTFTVEKP TAELPKGRVR LYVNGVLSRT SLRSGNFIKD MPDVTHVQIG ATKRANNTVW GSNLQIRNLT VYNRALTPEE VQKRS).

Thus this disclosure provides sialic acid binding molecules which comprise modified forms of SEQ ID NO: 2 (and/or SEQ ID NO: 1). A modified form of SEQ ID NO: 2 may comprise one or more mutated residues—the mutations being, for example, amino acid substitutions, additions/insertions, duplications, deletions and/or inversions made relative to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

An exemplary Vibrio cholerae NanH sialidase amino acid sequence is deposited under accession umber A5F7A4 and is reproduced below as SEQ ID NO: 3 (781 amino acids).

SEQ ID NO: 3 MRFKNVKKTA LMLAMFGMAT SSNAALFDYN ATGDTEFDSP  AKQGWMQDNT NNGSGVLTNA DGMPAWLVQG IGGRAQWTYS  LSTNQHAQAS SFGWRMTTEM KVLSGGMITN YYANGTQRVL PIISLDSSGN LVVEFEGQTG RTVLATGTAA TEYHKFELVF  LPGSNPSASF YFDGKLIRDN IQPTASKQNM IVWGNGSSNT  DGVAAYRDIK FEIQGDVIFR GPDRIPSIVA SSVTPGVVTA FAEKRVGGGD PGALSNTNDI ITRTSRDGGI TWDTELNLTE  QINVSDEFDF SDPRPIYDPS SNTVLVSYAR WPTDAAQNGD  RIKPWMPNGI FYSVYDVASG NWQAPIDVTD QVKERSFQIA GWGGSELYRR NTSLNSQQDW QSNAKIRIVD GAANQIQVAD  GSRKYVVTLS IDESGGLVAN LNGVSAPIIL QSEHAKVHSF  HDYELQYSAL NHTTTLFVDG QQITTWAGEV SQENNIQFGN ADAQIDGRLH VQKIVLTQQG HNLVEFDAFY LAQQTPEVEK  DLEKLGWTKI KTGNTMSLYG NASVNPGPGH GITLTRQQNI  SGSQNGRLIY PAIVLDRFFL NVMSIYSDDG GSNWQTGSTL PIPFRWKSSS ILETLEPSEA DMVELQNGDL LLTARLDFNQ  IVNGVNYSPR QQFLSKDGGI TWSLLEANNA NVFSNISTGT  VDASITRFEQ SDGSHFLLFT NPQGNPAGTN GRQNLGLWFS FDEGVTWKGP IQLVNGASAY SDIYQLDSEN AIVIVETDNS  NMRILRMPIT LLKQKLTLSQ N

The CBM region of SEQ ID NO: 3 is from amino acid residue 25 to 216—this sequence may be SEQ ID NO: 4 (that sequence being: ALFDYNATGD TEFDSPAKQG WMQDNTNNGS GVLTNADGMP AWLVQGIGGR AQWTYSLSTN QHAQASSFGW RMTTEMKVLS GGMITNYYAN GTQRVLPIIS LDSSGNLVVE FEGQTGRTVL ATGTAATEYH KFELVFLPGS NPSASFYFDG KLIRDNIQPT ASKQNMIVWG NGSSNTDGVA AY)

Thus this disclosure provides sialic acid binding molecules which comprise modified forms of SEQ ID NO: 4 (and/or SEQ ID NO: 3). A modified form of SEQ ID NO: 4 may comprise one or more mutated residues—the mutations being, for example, amino acid substitutions, additions/insertions, duplications, deletions and/or inversions made relative to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

As stated, the sialic acid binding molecules described herein may comprise one or more (for example two or more) modified CBMs. Where the sialic acid binding molecules comprise two or more modified CBMs, the molecule may be referred to as a multivalent CBM. A sialic acid binding molecule which is (or which comprises) a multivalent CBM, may be prepared as a construct comprising the multiple (two or more) modified CBMs linked by amino acid/peptide linkers. Each modified CBM may be linked to another by, for example, peptides comprising 5, 10 or 15 amino acids. By way of example any one or more of the following peptides may be used to link two or more CBMs to produce a sialic acid binding molecule which is a multivalent CBM:

(i) 5 amino acid linkers: ALXGS LQALG GGXSG GGALG GGSLG (ii) 10 amino acid linkers: ALXGSGGGSG LQALGGGGSL (iii) 15 amino acid linkers: ALXGSGGGSGGGGSG

Where “X” is any amino acid.

The sialic acid binding molecules for use may further comprise one or more oligomerisation domain(s). Like the CBM component of the disclosed sialic acid binding molecules, the oligomerisation domains may be derived from wild type oligomerisation domains and may therefore comprise one or more mutations relative to a corresponding wild type oligomerisation domain sequence. Useful oligomerisation domains exhibit an ability to self-associate to form multimeric structures, for example, trimers. A modified oligomerisation domain for use may comprise any molecule with that same oligomerisation property. For the avoidance of doubt, the term “oligomerisation domain” as used herein embraces not only wild type oligomerisation domains, but also those that are modified (the “modified oligomerisation domains” disclosed herein).

For example, a sialic acid binding molecule according to this disclosure may comprise one or more (for example, two) CBMs (for example, one, two or more modified CBMs as described herein) bound, coupled or fused to an oligomerisation domain. The resulting sialic acid binding molecule is a (multimeric) CBM::oligomerisation domain “fusion”.

Suitable oligomerisation domains may include those obtainable from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudaminidase. An exemplary Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudaminidase amino acid sequence has been deposited under accession number Q9L6G4 (derived from strain PAO579) and is reproduced below as SEQ ID NO: 13 (438 amino acids). It should be appreciated that similar, homologous or other useful oligomerisation domains may be encompassed within the scope of the general term “oligomerisation domain”.

SEQ ID NO: 13 MNTYFDIPHR LVGKALYESY YDHFGQMDIL SDGSLYLIYR  RATEHVGGSD GRVVFSKLEG GIWSAPTIVA QAGGQDFRDV  AGGTMPSGRI VAASTVYETG EVKVYVSDDS GVTWVHKFTL ARGGADYNFA HGKSFQVGAR YVIPLYAATG VNYELKWLES  SDGGETWGEG STIYSGNTPY NETSYLPVGD GVILAVARVG  SGAGGALRQF ISLDDGGTWT DQGNVTAQNG DSTDILVAPS LSYIYSEGGT PHVVLLYTNR TTHFCYYRTI LLAKAVAGSS  GWTERVPVYS APAASGYTSQ VVLGGRRILG NLFRETSSTT  SGAYQFEVYL GGVPDFESDW FSVSSNSLYT LSHGLQRSPR RVVVEFARSS SPSTWNIVMP SYFNDGGHKG SGAQVEVGSL  NIRLGTGAAV WGTGYFGGID NSATTRFATG YYRVRAWI

The oligomerisation domain of SEQ ID NO: 13 is from amino acid residue 333 to 438—this sequence may be SEQ ID NO: 14 (that sequence being: VPDFESDWFS VSSNSLYTLS HGLQRSPRRV VVEFARSSSP STWNIVMPSY FNDGGHKGSG AQVEVGSLNI RLGTGAAVWG TGYFGGIDNS ATTRFATGYY RVRAWI).

As stated, the invention may exploit modified oligomerisation domains. A modified oligomerisation domain may comprise an oligomerisation domain which contains one or more mutations relative to a reference oligomerisation sequence.

A “reference oligomerisation sequence” may be any wild type oligomerisation domain sequence, including for example SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 14 above.

Accordingly, a modified oligomerisation domain may be derived from a specific or particular wild type oligomerisation domain.

A modified oligomerisation domain sequence may comprise a wild type oligomerisation domain sequence which includes one or more mutations.

The one or more mutations may be functional—that is to say they may individually (and/or independently) or collectively (for example synergistically) modulate (improve or suppress/inhibit) one or more of the physiological, immunological, biological and/or pharmacological properties characteristic of a wild type oligomerisation domain (for example the wild type oligomerisation domain from which the modified oligomerisation domain is derived). As stated above, the mutation(s) may

-   -   (i) alter the immunogenicity (or antigenicity) of the         oligomerisation domain; and/or     -   (ii) improve efficacy (of, for example, multimeric molecules         comprising one or more modified CBMs); and/or     -   (iii) they may modulate (for example improve) the         thermostability of the oligomerisation domain; and/or     -   (iv) they may modulate (for example improve) the solubility of         the oligomerisation domain; and/or     -   (v) they may modulate (for example improve) the in vivo         half-life of the oligomerisation domain.

In the context of a modified oligomerisation domain, the term “mutation” is as defined above.

In all cases, the mutations may modulate an immunological/antigenic property of a CBM or oligomerisation domain or a sialic acid binding molecule comprising the same.

There are a number of factors that influence the immunogenicity of a protein. One key determinant is the presence of intrinsic epitopes that can trigger T-cell dependent events that lead to antibody production. T-cells recognize short peptide fragments derived from the processing of the protein antigen that occurs within an antigen-presenting cell (APC). Some of these fragments will form complexes with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)/major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules, and, if bound stably enough, will be carried to the surface of the APC and presented to T-cells. The recognition of non-self peptide by the T-cell receptor triggers the subsequent immune response. As such, in order to provide CBMs which are less immunogenic, wild type CBM and/or oligomerisation domains may be analysed in order to identify those regions which are immunogenic/antigenic (i.e. regions or domains which are likely to harbour or contain immunological epitopes). Immunogenicity (or antigenicity) is a property that may be assessed relative to, for example a particular human or animal host—in other words a CBM and/or oligomerisation domain may be analysed in order to determine which regions or domains may be immunogenic/antigenic in a specific (for example human) host. Immunogenicity (or antigenicity) may be assessed using, for example in silico in screening techniques (screening for, for example, T cell epitopes: including (as an example) ProPred in silico analysis), T-cell proliferation assays (including, Proimmune Human donor T-cell proliferation assay) and other immunological techniques. Further information regarding methods to “deimmunize” a protein may be derived from Jawa V, et al. ((2013) T-cell dependent immunogenicity of protein therapeutics: Preclinical assessment and mitigation. Clin Immunol. 149, 534-555) and Singh H, and Raghava GP ((2001) ProPred: prediction of HLA-DR binding sites. Bioinformatics. 17(12), 1236-7) the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference.

Using these techniques, it has been possible to identify immunogenic/antigenic regions of both the CBM and oligomerisation domains. FIG. 1 shows a complete analysis (ProPred predictions) of the antigenic regions within a SpCBM sequence (FIG. 1A) and a PaTD sequence (FIG. 1B). Predicted binders are coloured blue, with the first residue of each binding region shown in red. Predicted antigenic peptides (green bars) and ProImmune (purple bars) are shown under the sequences.

For example, within the SpCBM molecule, various regions between residues 127 to 300 (as shown in FIG. 1A) have been identified as harbouring immunogenic/antigenic domains. For example regions spanning residues 127-135, 146-154, 154-166, 158-166, 143-151, 149-157, 167-176, 167-178, 182-196, 188-196, 185-193, 204-212, 213-221, 220-228, 239-246, 239-254, 241-249, 242-249, 241-250, 241-251, 239-251, 239-249, 239-247, 246-254, 243-251, 257-265, 267-275, 284-300, 284-299, 284-297, 286-284, 286-300 and 289-296 have been identified as potentially immunogenic (some of which are predicted to bind a small number of alleles, whereas others are regarded as moderately or highly immunogenic).

More specifically and using the above described in silico and immunologic (T cell proliferation) assays) the regions spanning residues:

167 to 178 of SEQ ID NO: 1  (i.e. sequence: FYNLFSVSSATK) 167 to 181 of SEQ ID NO: 1  (i.e. sequence: FYNLFSVSSATKKDE) 239 to 251 of SEQ ID NO: 1  (i.e. sequence: VRLYVNGVLSRTS) 236 to 250 of SEQ ID NO: 1  (i.e. sequence KGRVRLYVNGVLSRT) 245 to 254 of SEQ ID NO: 1  (i.e. sequence: GVLSRTSLRS) 286 to 294 of SEQ ID NO: 1  (i.e. sequence IRNLTVYNR)

have been identified as immunogenic/antigenic. It should be noted that the region spanning residues 245 to 254 is identified representing an area of significant immunogenicity.

Within the PaTD oligomerisation domain, regions between residues 336 to 424 has been identified as harbouring immunogenic/antigenic domains. For example, the regions spanning residues 336-344, 340-348, 341-349, 348-356, 353-363, 355-363, 355-370, 362-370, 362-370/371, 375-383, 375-390, 400-407, 402-410, 397-405, 403-410 and 416-424 have been identified as potentially immunogenic (some of which are predicted to bind a small number of alleles, whereas others are regarded as moderately or highly immunogenic). By way of non-limiting example, residues 338 to 352 of SEQ ID NO: 13 have been identified as harbouring immunogenic/antigenic domains.

More specifically and using the above described in silico and immunologic (T cell proliferation) assays) the regions spanning residues:

340 to 349 of SEQ ID NO: 13  (i.e. sequence: WFSVSSNSLY) 351 to 359 of SEQ ID NO: 13  (i.e. sequence: LSHGLQRSP) 398 to 406 of SEQ ID NO: 13  (i.e. sequence: GSLNIRLGT) 392 to 406 of SEQ ID NO: 13  (i.e. sequence: GAQVEVGSLNIRLGT) 338 to 352 of SEQ ID NO: 13  (i.e. sequence: SDWFSVSSNSLYTLS)

have been identified as immunogenic/antigenic. It should be noted that the regions spanning residues 340-349, 351-359 and 398-406 were identified representing areas of significant immunogenicity.

Collectively, these regions (from both the CBM and oligomerisation domain) will be referred to as regions of “immunogenicity/antigenicity”.

Accordingly, a modified CBM and/or oligomerisation for use can be generated by mutating (for example substituting, deleting, adding to, inverting and/or duplicating) one or more of the amino acid residues (or amino acid sequences) within, for example, the above identified regions of immunogenicity/antigenicity.

Thus, a modified CBM or oligomerisation domain according to this disclosure may comprise a modified immunogenicity (or antigenicity) profile. In other words, as compared to a wild type CBM or oligomerisation domain, a modified CBM/oligomerisation domain according to this disclosure may be less (or differently) immunogenic/antigenic in a human or animal host. One of skill will appreciate that mutations introduced to the primary amino acid sequence of a CBM or an oligomerisation domain, can modulate immunogenicity by rendering certain epitopes more or less immunogenic.

Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a method of obtaining a CBM with a modified immunologic profile, said method comprising, determining which regions or domains of a CBM primary, secondary and/or tertiary amino acid sequence/structure are immunogenic and mutating one or more of the amino acid residues or sequences within one or more of the determined immunogenic/antigenic regions or domains.

Further, the invention provides a modified CBM obtainable by a method of obtaining a CBM with a modified immunologic profile (as described above).

Further, the disclosure provides a method of obtaining an oligomerisation domain with a modified immunologic profile, said method comprising, determining which regions or domains of an oligomerisation domain CBM primary, secondary and/or tertiary amino acid sequence/structure are immunogenic and mutating one or more of the amino acid residues or sequences within one or more of the determined immunogenic/antigenic regions or domains.

Further, the invention provides a modified oligomerisation domain obtainable by a method of obtaining an oligomerisation domain with a modified immunologic profile (as described above).

The disclosure further provides a method of obtaining a modified multimeric CBM. The method may comprise:

-   -   obtaining at least one CBM with a modified immunologic profile         as set out above; and optionally obtaining an oligomerisation         domain with a modified immunologic profile as set our above; and     -   creating a multimeric CBM which comprises at least one modified         CBM.

CBM/oligomerisation domain immunogenicity/antigenicity may be subject to individual amino acid mutations. For example a specific amino acid residue may be replaced (substituted with another) or deleted. In order to predict the effect of any given mutation, a modified sequence (the sequence containing at least one mutation verses a reference sequence) may be fed into, for example, a program designed to identify immunogenic sequences (including for example MHC binding regions within an antigen sequence). One of skill will be familiar with suitable programs and systems—but ProPred is one example: the aim of this server is to predict MHC Class-II binding regions in an antigen sequence, using quantitative matrices derived from published literature by Sturniolo et. al., 1999. The server will assist in locating promiscuous binding regions.

The user will aim to identify those mutations that might have an effect on the immunogenicity/antigenicity of the CBM/oligomerisation domain but at the same time not affect the protein structure (which may be crucial to the sialic acid binding property of the CBM and to the oligomerisation property of the oligomerisation domain). For example, the modified CBM disclosed herein may maintain binding affinity for sialyllactose as assessed by, for example, surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

Based on the above and using the SpCBM molecule as an example, one or more of the following residues may be mutated:

Residue(s) 167 (F), 168 (Y), 169 (N), 170 (L), 171 (F), 172 (S), 173 (V), 174 (S), 175 (S), 176 (A), 177 (T), 178 (K), 179 (K), 180 (D), 181 (E), 236 (K), 237 (G), 238 (R), 239 (V), 240 (R), 241 (L), 242 (Y), 243 (V), 244 (N), 245 (G), 246 (V), 247 (L), 248 (S), 249 (R), 250 (T), 251 (S), 252 (L), 253 (R), 254 (S), 286 (I), 287 (R), 288 (N), 289 (L), 290 (T), 291 (V), 292 (Y), 293 (N) and/or 294 (R)

Based on the above and using the PaTD as an example, one or more of the following residues may be mutated:

Residue(s) 338 (S), 339 (D), 340 (VV), 341 (F), 342 (S), 343 (V), 344 (S), 345 (S), 346 (N), 347 (S), 348 (L), 349 (Y), 350 (T), 351 (L), 352 (S), 353 (H), 354 (G), 355 (L), 356 (Q), 357 (R), 358 (S), 359 (P), 392 (G), 393 (A), 394 (Q), 395 (V), 396 (E), 397 (V), 398 (G), 399 (S), 400 (L), 401 (N), 402 (I), 403 (R), 404 (L), 405 (G) and/or 406 (T).

It should be noted, that the term “mutation” includes the addition of further amino acids(s) to any of the regions (the “immunogenicity/antigenicity regions) containing these residues. Further, the term “mutation” may include the duplication of any one or more amino acids and/or the inversion of any sequence within these regions. For example, short sequences of two or more (for example 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 (or more)) amino acids may be inverted (and/or duplicated). Where the mutation is a substitution, the substituted amino acid may be any one of the other 19 naturally occurring amino acids or an artificial or synthetic amino acid. Further, the substituted amino acid may be a derivative or analogue of the wild type amino acid at the relevant position.

By way of non-limiting example and with reference to SpCBM, one or more the following mutations may be made (note, not all of these mutations may be directed at modulating the immunogenicity of a CBM)—for example, one or more of the mutations (including mutations M156F and M1851) may be used to modulate thermostability:

(i) M156F (ii) Y168W (designated “Im15”) (iii) L170A (designated “Im16”) (iv) L170T (designated “Im17”) (v) V173G (designated “Im18”) (vi) M185I (vii) V239A (designated “Im19”) (viii) V239T (designated “Im20”) (ix) V246G (designated “Im21”) (x) I286A (designated “Im22”) (xi) Y292E (designated “Im23”)

Further, and again by way of non-limiting example and with reference to the PaTD molecule, one or more of the following mutations may be made:

(i) S342D (designated “Im24”) (ii) S345D (designated “Im25”) (iii) L348D (designated “Im26”) (iv) R403K (designated “Im27”)

For the avoidance of doubt, any of CBM mutations listed as (i)-(xi) above and any of the PaTD mutations listed as (i)-(iv) may be made individually and/or in combination with one or more other of the listed mutations. For example, mutations at two or more of residues 156, 170 and 185 or 239, 246, 286 and 292 or 156, 170, 185, 239, 246, 286 and 292 may be combined. Additionally, or alternatively, mutations at residues 239 and 246 or 286 and 292 may be combined.

Further, the mutations listed above are examples only and it should be understood that any mutation at the noted positions which results in a CBM/oligomerisation domain having the desired properties (for example, reduced immunogenicity/antigenicity in a human host) is to be included within the scope of this invention.

Many techniques exist to allow one of skill in this field to introduce one or more amino acid mutations into a CBM or oligomerisation domain sequence. Any of those techniques may be used here and they include, for example, mutagenesis techniques, including: (site-) directed mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, insertional mutagenesis, signature tagged mutagenesis, transposon mutagenesis and/or sequence saturation mutagenesis. Gene synthesis techniques may also be used to introduce any one or more of the mutations described herein.

Prior to any mutagenesis procedures, a wild type CBM and/or oligomerisation domain nucleic acid sequence may be subject to a codon-optimisation process in which the codons are optimised for expression in an expression system, such as, for example, a bacterial (e.g. an E. coli) expression system.

While useful sialic acid binding molecules may comprise a monomeric modified CBM (i.e. a single modified CBM), others may be multimeric—in other words, molecules which comprise two or more CBMs (for example, two or more modified CBMs). In such cases, the sialic acid binding molecule may be referred to as a “multimeric CBM”. Sialic acid binding molecules, which comprise a plurality of CBMs, may comprise two or more modified CBMs wherein some but not all of the CBMs within the sialic acid binding molecule are modified. In other words, a sialic acid binding molecule, which comprises two or more CBMs, may comprise a mixture of modified and non-modified CBMs.

In one embodiment, the sialic acid binding molecules may comprise hexameric CBMs. A hexameric CBM comprises six CBM monomers. In most cases, a hexameric CBM comprises two fused CBMs which are further conjugated to themselves via a fused oligomerisation (trimerisation) domain.

By way of example, the generic structure of a useful hexameric CBM molecules may be represented as:

The schematic (and generic) structure above shows a sialic acid binding molecule comprising three repeat units each comprising 2 CBMs (CBM1 and CBM 2) and an oligomerisation domain (in this case, a trimerisation domain: TD).

As described herein, one or both of the CBM moieties may be a modified CBM as described herein. Each repeat unit may be the same or different—in other words, while each of the repeat units may comprise 2 CBMs (modified or otherwise). The type of CBM and/or the level or degree of modification, may vary. By way of non-limiting example, one repeat unit may contain two CBMs with wild type sequences. Another may comprise two different CBMs one with a wild type sequence and one with a modified sequence (comprising one or more mutations as described herein). The third repeat unit may comprise two modified CBMs (comprising one or more of the mutations described herein). One of skill will appreciate that other combinations of CBM type and/or sequence (wild type vs mutated sequence) may be prepared and tested.

By way of non-limiting example, the following represent individual units (referred to as “HEX” units) which may be used to make hexameric sialic acid binding molecules. In each case, the HEX unit comprises two modified CBMs (denoted CBM1 and CBM 2) with the specific mutations introduced to each CBM being identified in parenthesis. It should be noted that a “----” symbol indicates an amino acid linker (linking one CBM to another or a CBM to an oligomerisation domain). As such, a hexameric sialic acid binding molecule may be made up of several (for example 3) HEX units. In each case, the oligomerisation domain (denoted “TD”) conjugates the units together as a trimer. While any given hexamer may comprise identical copies of the units described above (and below) under the headings HEX1, HEX2, HEX3, HEX4, HEX5, HEX6 and HEX17, one of skill will appreciate that further options are available.

For example, a HEX unit may be made up of two CBMs, each having different mutations (the mutations being one or more selected from the options detailed herein).

(i) HEX1

CBM1 (L1701 V239A V246G I286A Y292E)-CBM2 (L170T V239A V246G I286A Y292E)-TD (S342D L348D R403K)

(ii) HEX2

CBM1 (V239A V246G I286A Y292E)-CBM2 (V239A V246G I286A Y292E)-TD (S342D R403K)

(iii) HEX3

CBM1 (V239A V246G I286A)-CBM2 (V239A V246G I286A)-TD (S342D R403K)

(iv) HEX4

CBM1 (V239A V246G)-CBM2 (V239A V246G)-TD (S342D)

(v) HEX5

CBM1 (V239A V246G)-CBM2 (V239A V246G)-TD (R403K)

(vi) HEX6

CBM1 (V239A V246G)-CBM2 (V239A V246G)-TD (S342D R403K)

(vii) HEX17

CBM1 (V239A V246G A162P)-CBM2 (V239A V246G A162P)-TD (S342D R403K)

It will be noted that HEX6 and HEX17 are identical except for the additional A162P mutation. This proline mutation (a substitution for the wild type Alanine at residue 162) has been shown to improve thermostability (the single CBM Tm by 3-4° C.). Further information regarding the use of proline mutations may be derived from Fu 2009, ‘Increasing protein stability by improving beta-turns’ (DOI 10.1002/prot.22509) describes the general approach. The proline mutation does not affect (increase or decrease) the predicted immunogenicity of the CBM molecule, is not located near the other mutations, the N- or C-termini or the ligand binding site. Rather unexpectedly, beyond the modest improvement in thermostability, it was noted that the A162P mutation yields hexameric CBMs (i.e. HEX17) exhibiting a marked improvement in in vivo experiments—in particular in comparison to those same experiments conducted using HEX6. For example, the modified molecules (in particular a molecule comprising 3 x HEX17 units) exhibit modulation over pro-inflammatory cytokines, including for example IL-8. Indeed, the modulatory effect (specifically an inhibitory effect) on the production of IL-8 by a molecule comprising 3 x HEX17 units, was improved over other tested modified molecules.

Relative to the amino acid sequences of Sp2CBMTD (aka “SpOrig”) the amino acid sequence of the HEX6 and HEX 17 molecules is:

SpOrig GAMVIEKEDVETNASNGQRVDLSSELDKLKKLENATVHMEFKPDAKAPAFYNLFSVSSAT HEX6 GAMVIEKEDVETNASNGQRVDLSSELDKLKKLENATVHMEFKPDAKAPAFYNLFSVSSAT HEX17 GAMVIEKEDVETNASNGQRVDLSSELDKLKKLENATVHMEFKPDPKAPAFYNLFSVSSAT SpOrig KKDEYFTMAVYNNTATLEGRGSDGKQFYNNYNDAPLKVKPGQWNSVTFTVEKPTAELPKG HEX6 KKDEYFTMAVYNNTATLEGRGSDGKQFYNNYNDAPLKVKPGQWNSVTFTVEKPTAELPKG HEX17 KKDEYFTMAVYNNTATLEGRGSDGKQFYNNYNDAPLKVKPGQWNSVTFTVEKPTAELPKG SpOrig RVRLYVNGVLSRTSLRSGNFIKDMPDVTHVQIGATKRANNTVWGSNLQIRNLTVYNRALT HEX6 RARLYVNGGLSRTSLRSGNFIKDMPDVTHVQIGATKRANNTVWGSNLQIRNLTVYNRALT HEX17 RARLYVNGGLSRTSLRSGNFIKDMPDVTHVQIGATKRANNTVWGSNLQIRNLTVYNRALT SpOrig PEEVQKRSGGGSGVIEKEDVETNASNGQRVDLSSELDKLKKLENATVHMEFKPDAKAPAF HEX6 PEEVQKRSGGGSGVIEKEDVETNASNGQRVDLSSELDKLKKLENATVHMEFKPDAKAPAF HEX17 PEEVQKRSGGGSGVIEKEDVETNASNGQRVDLSSELDKLKKLENATVHMEFKPDPKAPAF SpOrig YNLFSVSSATKKDEYFTMAVYNNTATLEGRGSDGKQFYNNYNDAPLKVKPGQWNSVTFTV HEX6 YNLFSVSSATKKDEYFTMAVYNNTATLEGRGSDGKQFYNNYNDAPLKVKPGQWNSVTFTV HEX17 YNLFSVSSATKKDEYFTMAVYNNTATLEGRGSDGKQFYNNYNDAPLKVKPGQWNSVTFTV SpOrig EKPTAELPKGRVRLYVNGVLSRTSLRSGNFIKDMPDVTHVQIGATKRANNTVWGSNLQIR HEX6 EKPTAELPKGRARLYVNGGLSRTSLRSGNFIKDMPDVTHVQIGATKRANNTVWGSNLQIR HEX17 EKPTAELPKGRARLYVNGGLSRTSLRSGNFIKDMPDVTHVQIGATKRANNTVWGSNLQIR SpOrig NLTVYNRALTPEEVQKRSGGALGVPDFESDWFSVSSNSLYTLSHGLQRSPRRVVVEFARS HEX6 NLTVYNRALTPEEVQKRSGGSLGVPDFESDWFDVSSNSLYTLSHGLQRSPRRVVVEFARS HEX17 NLTVYNRALTPEEVQKRSGGSLGVPDFESDWFDVSSNSLYTLSHGLQRSPRRVVVEFARS SpOrig SSPSTWNIVMPSYFNDGGHKGSGAQVEVGSLNIRLGTGAAVWGTGYFGGIDNSATTRFAT HEX6 SSPSTWNIVMPSYFNDGGHKGSGAQVEVGSLNIKLGTGAAVWGTGYFGGIDNSATTRFAT HEX17 SSPSTWNIVMPSYFNDGGHKGSGAQVEVGSLNIKLGTGAAVWGTGYFGGIDNSATTRFAT SpOrig GYYRVRAWI HEX6 GYYRVRAWI HEX17 GYYRVRAWI

Without wishing to be bound by any particular use or application, the disclosed molecules may be useful:

-   -   (i) in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases in a subject         in need thereof;     -   (ii) in modulating immune responses (in human or animal         subjects);     -   (iii) in modulating cell growth, proliferation and/or         differentiation     -   (iv) as adjuvants; and/or     -   (vi) in the manufacture of medicaments.

Again, without wishing to be bound by any specific use, the disclosed molecules may be used (as medicaments) in the treatment and/or prevention of a variety of diseases and or conditions—in particular, diseases or conditions caused or contributed to by a pathogen, particularly those pathogens which are capable of binding cell surface sialic acid-containing receptors. The present disclosure may also provide methods useful in the treatment of subjects, particularly human subjects, suffering from, or at risk of contracting, a disease and/or condition caused or contributed to by a pathogen, particularly those pathogens which are capable of binding cell surface sialic acid-containing receptors. For example, the term “pathogen” may encompass any pathogen which is capable of binding, recognising or otherwise associating with a cell surface carbohydrate; especially those pathogens which have evolved to exploit or utilise the presence of cell surface (sialic acid) carbohydrates as a means of binding/adhering to and/or entering a cell. As such, the term “pathogen” may embrace microbial pathogens and may include respiratory pathogens such as viruses belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae or Paramyxoviridae families, for example, influenza and human parainfluenza, as well as bacteria belonging to the Streptococcus genus (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae) and/or Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa—all of which are capable of binding carbohydrates on the surface of mammalian cells. One of skill will appreciate that the mammalian cell most frequently colonised/infected by pathogens of the type described herein, are epithelial cells, especially those lining the mucosal tracts (for example, respiratory epithelial cells). For a full disclosure of how sialic acid binding molecules can be used to treat or prevent disease, see PCT/GB2009/002189, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In terms of modulating immune responses (in human or animal subjects), the various sialic acid binding molecules described herein (which molecules comprise one or more modified CBMs) have immunomodulatory properties. For example (and without wishing to be bound by theory), the disclosed sialic acid binding molecules modulate host immune responses, prime the immune system, modulate (e.g. increase or decrease) the expression, function and/or activity of immune system processes, pathways and/or any component(s) thereof. The term “priming” as applied to an immune response, may encompass the phenomenon of increasing the readiness and/or responsiveness of an immune system to an immunogen, antigen, pathogen, disease or infection. Without wishing to be bound by theory, in addition to any immunomodulatory properties associated with the sialic acid binding molecules disclosed herein, subjects administered or contacted with the disclosed sialic acid binding molecules may be rendered better able to cope with the onset of an infection/disease. For a full disclosure of the immunomodulatory activity of sialic acid binding molecules see PCT/GB2015/050161 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Further, it has been shown that the disclosed sialic acid binding molecules (which molecules may contain one or more modified CBMs) may be used to modulate aspects of cell growth and/or cell activity. The terms “growth” and “activity” as applied to cells may embrace processes and/or phenomena associated with one or more of cell proliferation, cell viability, cell migration, cell metabolism, cell differentiation and/or cell morphology/phenotype. The terms “growth” and/or “activity” may further include the response of a cell to certain exogenous and/or endogenous factors or stimuli including, for example, responses to certain compounds of the immune system, cytokines, chemokines and one or more environmental factors (light, temperature, pressure, mechanical stress and the like). Thus, the sialic acid binding molecules disclosed herein may be used to modulate (inhibit, decrease or increase) levels of cell responsiveness. Accordingly, any of the disclosed molecules may be used in the treatment or prevention of a disease and/or condition caused, contributed to and/or characterised by aberrant cell growth and/or activity or in the manufacture of a medicament to treat or prevent the same.

Without wishing to be bound to any particular medical application, it should be noted that diseases which are caused, contributed to or characterised by aberrant cell growth and/or activity may include, for example cell proliferation and/or differentiation disorders including, those referred to or classified as benign or malignant conditions. For example, the term “cell proliferation and/or differentiation disorders” may include those diseases and/or conditions collectively referred to as “cancer”. The term “cancer” may include, but is not limited to, those cancers referred to as forms of breast cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer (gliomas), pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, head and neck cancers and bowel/colon cancer. The term “cancer” may also include those diseases and/or conditions collectively referred to as “leukaemias” (both chronic and acute) and any cancer affecting a mucosal/mucosal associated surface or tissue.

As such, a sialic acid binding molecule described herein, which molecule may comprise one or more modified CBMs, may find application (i.e. may be for use) in the treatment and/or prevention of cancer. The disclosed sialic acid binding molecules may further be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer. For a full disclosure of how sialic acid binding molecules can be used to modulate cell growth and/or cell activity, see PCT/GB2017/052808 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Any of the disclosed sialic acid binding molecules (comprising one or more modified CBMs) may be used as adjuvants which themselves may be used in combination with one or more antigens to augment, modulate or enhance a host immune response to the one or more antigens. It should be noted that while the sialic acid binding molecule-based adjuvants disclosed herein can be combined with any type of antigen, the adjuvants, which are the subject of this disclosure may be particularly useful as mucosal adjuvants—in other words, for use with antigens that are to be administered mucosally. For a full disclosure of how sialic acid binding molecules can be used as adjuvants, see PCT/GB2017/052805 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

It has also been shown that the disclosed sialic acid binding molecules (which molecules may contain one or more modified CBMs) may find utility in the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis. The term “sepsis” is applied to a number of diseases, conditions and/or syndromes which may have an infectious (for example viral, bacterial and/or fungal) aetiology. For example, term “sepsis”, may embrace those disease states, conditions or syndromes referred to as SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome: see Singer et al, 2016: JAMA “The third International consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock), sepsis (which is often defined as “SIRS in response to an infectious process”), severe sepsis (that is sepsis with sepsis-induced organ dysfunction or tissue hypoperfusion (which itself might manifest as hypotension, elevated lactate or decreased urine output) and septic shock (severe sepsis plus persistently low blood pressure despite, for example, the administration of intravenous fluids). The term “sepsis” is most often applied to diseases, conditions and/or syndromes which result from “bacterial sepsis”. Bacterial sepsis may stem from the presence of bacteria in blood and may sometimes be referred to as “bacteraemia” or “septicaemia”. The term “sepsis” may also embrace diseases and/or conditions which are caused or contributed to by the presence of bacterial components such as LPS, toxins and/or membrane fragments in the blood. Components of this type may originate from primary infections present in other tissues and/or organs, for example, infections present in the lungs, brain, skin, urinary tract, pelvis and/or abdomen.

For a full disclosure of how sialic acid binding molecules can be used in the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis, see PCT/GB2017/052800 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference

The modified CBMs described herein and any molecules comprising the same may be conjugated, bound or joined to or associated with, other entities for the purpose of targeting or delivering that entity to some tissue or cell. Molecules of this type may be otherwise known as “therapeutic warheads” or “conjugates”. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the presence of ligands for the various modified CBMs which may be comprised within the molecules of this disclosure, in certain cell receptors and membrane bound molecules, may allow the various molecules described herein to be exploited as a means to deliver conjugated heterologous molecules (these being molecules which are distinct from and different to the modified CBM or molecule comprising the same) to said cells or tissues comprising said cells. Such conjugated molecules may be useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases including, for example, cancer, where the conjugated molecules described herein (which molecules exhibit affinity for carbohydrates expressed on the surface of cells) may be used to direct therapeutic and/or cytotoxic moieties thereto.

By way of example, a molecule as described herein (including any of the modified CBMs or molecules comprising the same) may be conjugated to one or more (for example two, three, four or more) moieties which are, for example, therapeutic and/or cytotoxic.

Useful molecules may comprise a modified CBM of this disclosure conjugated (joined, bound or otherwise associated with) to a heterologous moiety. The heterologous moiety may comprise a therapeutic and/or cytotoxic moiety which may be conjugated to some part of the modified CBM molecule.

For example, the heterologous moiety may be conjugated to one or both ends of a modified CBM molecule. The heterologous moiety may be additionally or alternatively conjugated (or even fused) to an internal portion of a modified CBM molecule. It will be appreciated that however the heterologous moiety is to be conjugated to the modified CBM molecule, the molecule (nor its conjugation) should not (substantially) interfere with or ablate or reduce the carbohydrate (sialic acid) binding property of the modified CBM molecule.

As stated, the heterologous moiety may be a drug useful in the treatment of a disease which affects a cell or tissue expressing a receptor which comprises the ligand for any one of the modified CBMs (or molecules comprising the same) described herein. For example, the drug may be a chemotherapeutic drug for use in the treatment of cancer and the like. The heterologous moiety may be a cytotoxic moiety capable of killing or inducing apoptosis in, a cell. The heterologous moiety may comprise a molecule which is able to recruit specific cells to or into a particular tissue. For example, the heterologous moiety may be, for example, a T cell receptor (TCR) which may be used as a means to recruit T cells to, for example a tumour or cancerous tissue.

The present disclosure may provide compositions for application in the various uses, medicaments and methods described herein. As such, any of the modified CBMs described herein (or any molecule comprising a modified CBM) may be formulated for use.

For convenience, and with reference to the section below describing compositions, formulations and the like, it should be noted that both molecules comprising a modified CBM as described herein, a molecule comprising the same and any conjugates comprising the same (for example modified CBM::drug conjugates/fusions) shall be included under the general term “molecule comprising a modified CBM”.

A molecule comprising a modified CBM may be formulated for use as a therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition. The various compositions may comprise one or more of the molecules described herein and any given treatment may require the administration (together, concurrently or separately) of one or more of these compositions. It should be noted that a composition according to this disclosure may further comprise one or more other therapeutic moieties—for example molecules, small molecules, antibodies, oligonucleotides and the like useful in the treatment of one or more diseases and/or conditions. Additionally, or alternatively, the modified CBMs may be administered together with one or more other (different) therapeutic entities—wherein the one or more other (different) therapeutic entities may be used for the treatment of the same or a different disease. The term “administered together” embraces administration of a modified CBM before, after and/or at the same time as the administration of the one or more other therapeutic entities.

The molecules described herein may be formulated for enteral (including oral), parenteral and/or topical administration and one of skill will appreciate that the precise formulation may vary depending on the route of administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention may be prepared conventionally, comprising substances that are customarily used in pharmaceuticals and as described in, for example, Remington's The Sciences and Practice of Pharmacy, 22nd Edition (Pharmaceutical Press 2012) and/or Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 7th edition (compiled by Rowe et al, Pharmaceutical Press, 2012)—the entire content of all of these documents and references being incorporated by reference.

A therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition of this disclosure (that is a composition comprising a molecule comprising a modified CBM and for use in any of the medicaments or methods described herein) may be formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, adjuvants and buffers. The compositions can be administered, e.g. orally (including mucosally), parentally, enterally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intravenously or via any other routes useful to achieve the desired effect (for example the modulation of cell growth/activity, treatment or prevention of diseases/conditions associated with the same and/or cancer and/or modulation of tumour growth). As stated, depending on the chosen route of administration, the exact composition of the formulation may vary.

A therapeutic or pharmaceutical formulation comprising a molecule comprising a modified CBM and for administration to a subject may be coated, encapsulated or enveloped in a material which protects the molecule from the action of enzymes, acids and other natural compounds/conditions (including, for example, compounds (including antibodies), cells and processes of the immune system) which may inactivate or denature the compound and/or its carbohydrate binding properties.

Among the various standard and conventional excipients that may be available for use in compositions comprising the molecules described herein, are those pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances which are suitable for parenteral, enteral, oral (including mucosal) and other routes of administration that do not deleteriously react with the molecule(s) comprising a modified CBM.

Where molecules comprising a modified CBM are to be formulated for parental administration, the compositions may be sterile.

The composition may comprise an oil-based or aqueous solution, a suspension and/or an emulsion.

In other embodiments, the composition may take the form of an implant, such as for example a (dissolvable or biodegradable) film, pessary or implant (including suppositories).

The pharmaceutical preparations comprising the molecules described herein may be mixed with stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts (for use in influencing osmotic pressure), buffers and/or other substances that do not react deleteriously with the active compounds.

One or more of the molecules described herein may be formulated for and administered, orally. As stated, oral administration would include mucosal administration which would itself would include administration intranasally and/or by inhalation.

Compositions for use may include solid dosage forms which are suitable for oral administration. These may include, for example capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In any given solid dosage form, a molecule comprising a modified CBM (or any molecule or conjugate comprising the same) may be admixed with at least one inert pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient. Examples of suitable excipients will be known to one of skill in this field but may include, for example fillers or extenders, humectants, wetting agents, binders, disintegrating agents, solution retarders, absorption accelerators, adsorbents, lubricants or mixtures thereof. A tablet, pill or capsule may further comprise a buffering agent. Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and/or granules also can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as coatings which protect against the gastrointestinal environment and/or stomach acid.

A solid dosage form may contain opacifying agents, and can also be formulated so as to ensure the delayed release of the active agent (in this case a molecule comprising a modified CBM or a conjugate comprising the same) in or to a specific part of the intestinal tract.

Solid compositions for oral administration can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing an appropriate dose of a molecule comprising a modified CBM (or conjugate comprising the same). The exact amount of a molecule comprising a modified CBM (or conjugate comprising the same) contained within any given solid dosage form will vary depending on the intended use. A solid composition may contain a “unit dose”—a unit dose containing a quantity of a molecule comprising a modified CBM (or conjugate containing the same) calculated to produce the desired effect (for example modulation of cell growth and/or activity) over the course of a treatment period.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may (as stated) include emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the compound or composition, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers.

Any of the disclosed molecules may be used in any suitable amount. As stated, the molecules may be formulated for oral, mucosal or parenteral administration and as such, the precise formulation may depend on the intended route of administration and/or physiological and/or other attributes of the subject. The amount of a molecule comprising a modified CBM present in any given dose may be in the region of 0.1 μg-1000 μg. For example, amounts of about 0.1 μg, 0.2 μg, 0.3 μg, 0.4 μg, 0.5 μg, 1 μg, 10 μg, 20 μg, 25 μg, 50 μg, 100 μg, 200 μg, 300 μg, 400 μg, 500 μg, 600 μg, 700 μg, 800 μg or 900 μg. Higher amounts of modified CBM (or a molecule comprising the same) may be used; for example, amounts in the region of 1 mg-10 mg, for example amounts of about 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 μg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg or 9 mg. The selected amount of the modified CBM molecule may be formulated in a specific volume of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent and/or buffer. The volume of excipient, diluent or buffer may be about 10 μl to 5 ml. For example, the required amount of CBM32/47/67/70 molecule may be combined (or formulated) with about 15 μl, 20 μl, 25 μl, 30 μl, 35 μl, 40 μl, 45 μl, 50 μl, 55 μl, 60 μl, 65 μl, 70 μl, 75 μl, 80 μl, 85 μl, 90 μl, 95 μl, 100 μl, 200 μl, 250 μl, 300 μl, 400 μl, 500 μl, 600 μl, 700 μl, 800 μl, 900 μl, 1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml or 4 ml. Doses at concentrations of about 0.1 μg/ml-10 mg/ml may be used including, for example, doses at 5 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 300 μg/ml, 500 μg/ml, 600 μg/ml, 700 μg/ml, 800 μg/ml or 900 μg/ml, 950 μg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 1.5 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 3.5 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 4.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 5.5 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, 6.5 mg/ml, 7 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml, 8 mg/ml, 8.5 mg/ml, 9 mg/ml or 9.5 mg/ml.

In use, a dose of a modified CBM molecule, administered as part of the treatment and/or prevention of a disease (for example a cell proliferation and/or differentiation disorder or cancer), may be administered multiple times over a number of days, weeks months or years. For example, after an initial (or first) administration, a dose of a modified CBM molecule may be administered again at about (+/−1 or 2 days) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 28 and/or 35 days later. Multiple repeat doses may be given at regular intervals—for example every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 day(s) after a preceding dose. On any given day, a specific dose of a modified CBM molecule may be administered 1, 2, 3 or more times. Each time, the modified CBM molecule may be administered (by whatever route is considered best) to affect a suitable treatment or to induce prophylaxis against a particular disease or condition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the following figures which show:

FIG. 1A: ProPred prediction of antigenic peptides within a SpCBM sequence (SEQ ID NO. 2). Predicted binders are coloured blue, with the first residue of each binding region shown in red. Antigenic peptides predicted by Nordic Biopharma (green bars) and Prolmmune (purple bars) are shown under the sequences.

FIG. 1B: ProPred prediction of antigenic peptides within a PaTD sequence (SEQ ID NO. 14). Predicted binders are coloured blue, with the first residue of each binding region shown in red. Antigenic peptides predicted by Nordic Biopharma (green bars) and Prolmmune (purple bars) are shown under the sequences.

FIG. 2 : Expression test of wild type and mutated domains. Lane 1, M12 standard; Lane 2, WTSpCBM; Lanes 3-11, Im15-Im23; Lanes 12-15, Im24-1m27; Lane 16, WT Pa TD. A) Whole cell extracts, B) Soluble extracts.

FIG. 3 : Position of peptide 167-181 in the SpCBM structure

FIG. 4 : Expression and Ni-NTA pull-down of variants Im28 to Im34

FIG. 5 : Sites of the HEX17 mutations on the hexamer structure. The quarternary structure of HEX17 was modelled by assembling the crystal structures of the individual SpCBM (pdb code 4c1x) and PaTD (pdb code 2w38) into the hexamer (i.e. 6 copies of SpCBM and 3 copies of PaTD per molecule). The positions of the bound ligand (α2,3-sialyllactose) are shown in stick form (orange). The positions of the mutations are also shown: Blue, the sites of the A162P mutation; Cyan, the sites of the other two CBM mutations; Magenta, the sites of the TD mutations.

FIG. 6 : IL-8 stimulation. A549 cells were stimulated by the addition of 10 μg of biologic (Sp2CBMTD (aka SpOrig), HEX6 or HEX17). Cell supernatant was harvested at 24 h or 48 h timepoints and the IL-8 content was determined by ELISA. Statistical significance between control and treated cells was determined with one-way ANOVA using Tukey's multiple comparison test.

FIG. 7A-F: Multiplex analysis of inflammatory mediators. A549 cells were stimulated by the addition of 10 μg of biologic (Sp2CBMTD (aka SpOrig), HEX6 or HEX17). Cell supernatant was harvested at 6 h, 24 h or 48 h time-points and inflammatory mediators analysed using a Human Cytokine 12-plex Assay. Statistical significance between control and/or WT hexamer and hexamer variants was determined using a one-way ANOVA (Tukey's multiple comparison test).

FIG. 8 : Percentage survival of CBM-treated and untreated mice when lethally challenged with influenza strain PR8. CBM2, CBM3 and CBM4 represent HEX17, HEX6 and WT (SpOrig) respectively. Single CBM dosed animals were given 100 μg of CBM one day prior to lethal challenge with PR8; repeat dosed animal were given 2×0.1 μg of CBM at day-3 and day-1 prior to PR8 challenge.

FIG. 9 : Clinical scores of CBM-treated and untreated mice during PR8 infection. CBM2, CBM3 and CBM4 represent HEX17, HEX6 and WT (SpOrig) respectively. An ascending clinical score of 1 to 5 indicates no symptoms (1) to lethargy and death (5), respectively.

FIG. 10 : Percentage weight loss of CBM-treated and untreated mice during PR8 infection. CBM2, CBM3 and CBM4 represent HEX17, HEX6 and WT (SpOrig) respectively.

FIG. 11A-D: Anti-mCBM antibody analysis of Day 21 lung homogenates and sera tissue from a PR8-challenged mouse study. Statistical significance between WT hexamer and hexamer variants was determined using a one-way ANOVA (Tukey's multiple comparison test).

FIG. 12 a : Anti-CBM antibody levels from Day 35 BAL mouse samples.

FIG. 12 b : Anti-CBM antibody levels from Day 35 serum mouse samples

Methods and Results

Sp2CBMTD: Prediction of Immunogenic Regions

Nordic Biopharma in Silico Screen

The in silico T-cell epitope screening identified four significant and two borderline immunogenic clusters:

Residue Domain range Sequence Significant: SpCBM 245 to 254 GVLSRTSLRS PaTD 340 to 349 WFSVSSNSLY PaTD 351 to 359 LSHGLQRSP PaTD 398 to 406 GSLNIRLGT Borderline: SpCBM 167 to 178 FYNLFSVSSATK SpCBM 239 to 251 VRLYVNGVLSRTS

Prolmmune Human Donor T-Cell Proliferation Assay

The Prolmmune study highlighted two regions of high antigenicity and two regions of moderate antigenicity:

Residue Domain range Sequence High antigenicity: SpCBM 236 to 250 KGRVRLYVNGVLSRT PaTD 392 to 406 GAQVEVGSLNIRLGT Moderate antigenicity: SpCBM 167 to 181 FYNLFSVSSATKKDE PaTD 338 to 352 SDWFSVSSNSLYTLS

ProPred in Silico Analysis

A further in silico tool, the online ProPred server⁴, was also used. The output of the ProPred server is shown in FIG. 1 . The relative positions of the Nordic Biopharma/Prolmmune epitopes are also highlighted and indicate reasonable agreement between the three methods. In addition to the epitopes listed above, ProPred strongly predicted another immunogenic epitope in the SpCBM domain:

Domain Residue range Sequence SpCBM 286 to 294 IRNLTVYNR

Mutations in the Individual CBM and TD Domains

To guide the design of mutations that might reduce immunogenicity, ProPred was used to test the effect of changing each residue in these peptides to every alternative residue. Those that gave the greatest reduction in predicted number of allele binders were noted. As the crystal structure of both the SpCBM and TD domains are known, these mutations were also modelled to reduce the likelihood of introducing mutations that would obviously disrupt the protein structure.

Initially, nine single mutations in SpCBM and four single mutations in PaTD were introduced and are listed below (‘Im’ is short for immunogenicity mutant):

(SpCBM) variants Mutation (PaTD) variants Mutation WTSp — WTTD — Im15 Y168W Im24 S342D Im16 L170A Im25 S345D Im17 L170T Im26 L348D Im18 V173G Im27 R403K Im19 V239A Im20 V239T Im21 V246G Im22 I286A Im23 Y292E

Note: Im1 to Im14 (not shown) were introduced by mutagenesis into a non-codon optimized background, before the Prolmmune data were available.

Synthesis of WT and Mutated Constructs

The genes encoding WT SpCBM, WT PaTD and the variants Im15 to Im27 were codon optimized for E. coli expression and synthesized by GeneArt. The genes were then cloned in-house into the pHISTEV vector for expression as 6His-tagged proteins.

Expression and Biophysical Characterization

An initial expression test was performed to assess solubility. The results show that all were expressed, but not all were soluble (FIG. 2 ). Note: solubility (or a lack thereof) is not necessarily a predictor of utility. One of skill will appreciate that when manufacturing or producing proteins, certain processes require the use of insoluble material as this is readily purified (from inclusion bodies and the like). Downstream protocols may then re-engineer proteins to modulate features such as solubility.

Results of the Expression Test Show that:

-   -   Im16 (L170A) is insoluble or very poorly soluble     -   Im25 (TD, S345D) is insoluble     -   Im15 (Y168W) and 1m17 (L170T) have reduced solubility     -   Im18 (V173G) and 1m22 (I286A) are slightly reduced.     -   The remainder show soluble expression.

The 13 soluble proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), followed by TEV digestion to remove the 6His-tag, then reverse IMAC and size exclusion chromatography (SEC).

Ten purified domains (WTSp, Im19, Im20, Im21, Im22, Im23, WTTD, Im24, Im26 and Im27) were further characterized by:

-   -   (i) Thermofluor to measure melting temperature (Tm)     -   (ii) Near UV circular dichroism (CD) to compare tertiary         structures to WT     -   (iii) Dynamic light scattering (DLS) to check oligomeric state         in solution     -   (iv) Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to measure binding affinity         to sialyllactose     -   (v) Measurement of IL-8 cytokine stimulation

The results are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Qualitative summary of the biophysical characterizations of the WT domains and their variants. Colour coding is from green to red (including green′, orange and yellow), where green indicates that the variant closely resembles its WT counterpart for that particular characteristic and pale green (green′) or yellow indicate increasing degrees of differences. Red or orange indicate significant differences. N/A: these characterizations were not performed due to poor solubility/purity of the protein. N/D: not determined. Tm +/− NearUV Cytokine Name Mutation Solubility Purification 6SL CD DLS Biacore stimulation WTSp — Green Green Green Green Green Green Green Im15 Y168W Yellow Orange Red N/A N/A N/A N/A Im16 L170A Red N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Im17 L170T Yellow Orange N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Im18 V173G Green′ Orange N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Im19 V239A Green Green Green Green Green Green N/D Im20 V239T Green Green Green′ Green′ Green Green N/D Im21 V246G Green Green Green′ Green Green Green Green Im22 I286A Green′ Green Green′ Green Green Green Green Im23 Y292E Green Green Green′ Green′ Green Yellow Yellow Im24 S342D Green Green Green Green Green Im25 S345D Red N/A N/A N/A N/A Im26 L348D Green Green Green′ Green Green Im27 R403K Green Green Green Green Green WTTD — Green Green Green Green Green

Sp Peptide 167-181:

Im15, Im16, Im17, Im18 are all insoluble or poorly soluble (as stated, this does not necessarily impact on protein utility). These are in the ‘moderately’ antigenic region 167-181 (FYNLFSVSSATKKDE). This region is clearly very sensitive to change.

Earlier results show that M156F, which sits adjacent to L170 (and 1286), increases Tm by ˜4° C.

This could therefore be combined with L170T. M156F does not increase predicted immunogenicity.

M1851 increases Tm by 5° C., and lies parallel to L170 (FIG. 3 ). This mutation could also be included. Note that, like M156F, M1851 does not increase predicted immunogenicity but slightly reduces the number of predicted allele binders.

Sp Peptide 236-250:

Im19, Im20, Im21 all behave similarly to WT. These are in the ‘highly’ antigenic region 236-250 (KGRVRLYVNGVLSRT).

Im19 (V239A) was chosen over the threonine mutation (Im20, V239T). There is no difference in predicted immunogenicity but Im19 is a closer match to WT Thermofluor Tm and Near UV spectrum. This would be combined with Im21 (V246G).

Sp Peptide 286-294:

Im22 (1286A) is broadly similar to WT while Im23 (Y292E) appears to exhibit reduced ligand affinity. This region, 286-294 IRNLTVYNR, was not flagged up by Prolmmune but is strongly predicted by ProPred to be immunogenic.

There is some indication that Im22 has lower Tm than WT. This residue is adjacent to M156 so may behave differently if M156F was included.

TD Peptide 338-352:

Im24 (S342D) and Im26 (L348D) show similar characteristics to the WT trimerization domain, but with some suggestion of reduced Tm in Im26. These are in the ‘moderately’ antigenic region 338-352 SDWFSVSSNSLYTLS. The WT sequence was predicted to bind 9 alleles, while Im24 predicts 2 alleles and a Im24/Im26 double mutant predicts 1 allele.

TD Peptide 392-406:

Im27 (R403K) is similar to WT. It is part of the ‘highly’ antigenic region 392-406 GAQVEVGSLNIRLGT. Predicted alleles are reduced from 21 to 3 when this mutation is introduced.

Synthesis of Multiple Mutation Combinations Im28-34

The following mutations were introduced:

-   -   i) M156F/L170T     -   ii) M156F/L170T/M1851: In ProPred, alleles predicted for this         region are reduced from 31 in the WT to 19 for this combination.     -   iii) V239A/V246G: In ProPred, alleles for this region are         reduced from 44 to 3.     -   iv) I286A/Y292E: In ProPred, alleles are reduced from 41 to 1.     -   v) V239A/V246G/1286A/Y292E combines the previous two doubles.     -   vi) M156F/L170T/M1851/V239A/V246G/1286A/Y292E combines all the         Sp mutations     -   vii) TD: S342D/L348D/R403K: Predicted alleles are reduced from 9         to 1 for TD peptide 338-352 and alleles for peptide TD peptide         392-406 are reduced from 21 to 3. This triple mutant combines         all the TD mutants. They are all surface exposed and distal to         the N-terminal end of TD, so would not be expected to interfere         with SpCBM in the hexamer form.

The constructs are named Im28 to Im34:

(SpCBM) variant Mutations Im28 M156F/L170T Im29 M156F/L170T/M185I Im30 V239A/V246G Im31 I286A/Y292E Im32 V239A/V246G/I286A/Y292E Im33 M156F/L170T/M185I/V239A/V246G/I286A/Y292E (PaTD) variant Mutation Im34 S342D/L348D/R403K

2.5 Expression and Biophysical Characterization of Im28-Im34

As with the single mutations, the combinations Im28 to Im34 were synthesized by GeneArt and subcloned into pHISTEV for expression analysis. A nickel bead pull-down on the His-tagged soluble extract was also performed (FIG. 4 ).

Hexameric Forms

Design of Hexameric Constructs HEX1 to HEX17

Genes encoding the hexameric forms (called Hex1 to Hex17) were synthesized by GeneArt:

Sp2CBMTD variant Mutations HEX1 CBM1 (L170T V239A V246G I286A Y292E)-CBM2 (L170T V239A V246G I286A Y292E)-TD (S342D L348D R403K) HEX2 CBM1 (V239A V246G I286A Y292E)-CBM2 (V239A V246G I286A Y292E)-TD (S342D R403K) HEX3 CBM1 (V239A V246G I286A)-CBM2 (V239A V246G I286A)-TD (S342D R403K) HEX4 CBM1 (V239A V246G)-CBM2 (V239A V246G)-TD (S342D) HEX5 CBM1 (V239A V246G)-CBM2 (V239A V246G)-TD (R403K) HEX6 CBM1 (V239A V246G)-CBM2 (V239A V246G)-TD (S342D R403K) HEX17 CBM1 (V239A V246G A162P)-CBM2 (V239A V246G A162P)-TD (S342D R403K)

The hexameric forms were synthesized in two parts to avoid problems associated with synthesising repeat sequences in the tandem CBM copies. The first gene covered the first CBM and the second part encompassed the second CBM plus the TD. These could then be simultaneously cloned into pHISTEV to create the Sp2CBMTD construct that trimerizes upon expression.

The first hexamer, HEX1, contained the mutations L170T/V239A/V246G/I286A/Y292E in the CBMs and S342D/L348D/R403K in the TD.

The solubility data of the individual domains indicated that HEX1 was unlikely to be soluble (again, not necessarily a reflection on the utility of the molecule); a further construct, HEX3, was synthesized. Note that HEX2 contained the same mutations as Hex3, but with the addition of Y292E.

HEX3 was synthesized and subcloned into the pHISTEV vector. Expression was insoluble under all conditions tested (varying temperature, IPTG concentration, cell density at induction, with or without heat shock). The CBM-only domain containing the same three mutations (V239A V246G 1286A) is soluble. A double mutant (V239A V246G) behaves very similarly to WT. Therefore, further variants (HEX4, HEX5 and HEX6) were designed and constructed by PCR/ligations, which exclude 1286A and contain either one or both of the TD mutations.

During the work on HEX6 a number of other versions were designed containing different combinations of the HEX6 mutations (numbered HEX7 to HEX16; not characterised).

HEX17 contains the HEX6 mutations with an additional A162P mutation. This proline mutation has been shown to increase the single CBM Tm by 3-4° C. The proline mutation is not near the other mutations, the N- or C-termini or the ligand binding site.

Characterization of the Hexameric Variants

The expression, purification and characterization results are shown in Table 2. Based on these results, HEX6 and HEX17 were taken forward. The positions of the HEX17 mutations on the hexamer are shown in FIG. 5 .

TABLE 2 NearUV IL-8 Name Mutations Solubility Purification Thermostability CD Biacore assay Hex1 L170T/V239A/V246G/I286A/Y292E/S342D/L348D/R403K Red N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Hex2 V239A/V246G/I286A/Y292E/S342D/R403K (designed but not made) Hex3 V239A/V246G/I286A/S342D/R403K Red N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Hex4 V239A/V246G/S342D Yellow Red N/A N/A N/A N/A Hex5 V239A/V246G/R403K Green Yellow Yellow N/A N/A N/A Hex6 V239A/V246G/S342D/R403K Green Green Yellow Green Green Yellow Hex7 Note: These constructs are different combinations of the Hex6 mutations and were designed as a back-up in case Hex6 failed to 16 Hex17 A162P/V239A/V246G/S342D/R403K Green Green Green′ Green Green reduced IL-8

Table 2. Qualitative summary of the biophysical characterizations of the hexameric Sp2CBMTD variants. Colour coding is from green to red, where green indicates that the variant closely resembles its WT counterpart for that particular characteristic and pale green (green′) or yellow indicate increasing degrees of differences. Red or orange indicate significant differences. N/A: these characterizations were not performed due to poor solubility/purity of the protein. N/D: not determined.

Example 1: Inflammatory Mediators

Aim: To Measure the Innate Immune Response of mCBM-Treated Human Lung Epithelial Cells (A549) by Analysing Levels of Inflammatory Mediators Over Time.

Administration of Sp2CBMTD to mammalian cells stimulated a pro-inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo^(1,2). To determine whether this was still observed with modified hexameric sialic acid binding molecules, mammalian A549 cells were stimulated by the addition of 10 μg of biologic (Sp2CBMTD (aka SpOrig), HEX6 or HEX17 and cell culture medium was harvested at specific time-points post administration. The concentrations of inflammatory mediators were measured both by ELISA and a multiplex assay.

Human IL-8 (benchmark cytokine for the study) response using a human 1 x Mouse CXCL1/KC Quantikine ELISA Kit (R&D BioSystems). The concentration levels of IL-8 from stimulated A549 cells are shown in FIG. 6 . It is evident that when A549 cells are stimulated with the modified hexamer HEX17, IL-8 levels are significantly lower than when compared to Sp2CBMTD (aka SpOrig), or Hex6-stimulated cells.

Inflammatory mediator response using a Human Cytokine 12-plex Assay (Bio-Plex Pro™, Bio-Rad). FIG. 7 demonstrates the analysis of 12 inflammatory mediators from culture medium after A549 cell stimulation by Sp2CBMTD (WT, aka SpOrig), HEX6 and HEX17 (variants) at specific time points (6h, 24 h, 48h). Prior to analysis, samples were thawed and diluted 1:4 in PBS before using a human HS Cytokine-12 plex assay (R&D Systems). The data indicates that:

-   -   HEX17 affects the levels of almost all the cytokines tested         compared to SpOrig and HEX6. There is a significant reduction in         observed concentration (pg/ml) with analytes IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF         and IFN-gamma at 48h when compared to SpOrig and HEX6.     -   When compared to control at 48h, HEX17 appears to cause an         increase in the level of all cytokines tested with the exception         of IL-5, and VEGF (yet to be confirmed).     -   HEX6 only showed reduced IL-6 stimulation compared to SpOrig at         48h.

Example 2: In Vivo PR8 Mouse Data

The objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of Sp2CBMTD (SpOrig) and its variants, in a mouse model of lethal influenza infection. Each of the candidate proteins were also administered in the absence of an influenza infection to assess whether they alone, caused any morbidity or mortality.

Survival, Clinical Scores and Weight Loss.

The results show that none of CBM2 (HEX17), CBM3 (HEX6) or CBM4 (WT, SpOrig) caused any overt morbidity or mortality alone. Administration of a single 100 μg dose of either CBM2 (HEX17), CBM3 (HEX6) and CBM4 (WT, SpOrig) one day prior to a lethal challenge with PR8 influenza virus elicited protection against PR8 infection, with greatest efficacy seen with HEX17 (100% survival), followed by SpOrig and then HEX6 (FIG. 8 ). Clinical scores were also lower with HEX17 compared to SpOrig and HEX6 (FIG. 9 ). Mice from single high dose treated groups that survived all lost weight at peak infection but soon recovered, in contrast to untreated, infected mice (FIG. 10 ).

Anti-mCBM Antibody Analysis of Lung Homogenates and Sera Tissue from a PR8-Challenged Mouse Study.

The objective of this study was to determine whether modified immunogenic epitopes of the modified variants of Sp2CBMTD (SpOrig) demonstrated reduced antibody levels in mice in a PR8-challenged study (it should be noted that epitopes were modified based on human MHC-class II binding information). For this, survived mice from PR8-challenged study were culled at Day 21 with lung and sera harvested and tested for anti-mCBM antibodies—IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM against coated antigen SpOrig (1 μg/well) in an ELISA format. The data shown in FIG. 11 indicated that:

-   -   The modified protein HEX17 did show a significant (p<0.05)         reduction in mouse lung IgM levels compared to SPORIG. Due to         only one surviving mouse for HEX6 treatment, only HEX17 and         SPORIG data was statistically analysed.     -   There is some indication of a slight downward trend of antibody         levels in mice (lung IgA and IgM) that were treated with the         modified CBMs compared to SpOrig.

Example 3: The Effect of Repeat Intranasal Dosing of mCBMs, Sp2CBMTD and HEX17, in the Mouse

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical effect and immune response of repeat dosing of both Sp2CBMTD (SpOrig) and HEX17 in mice over time.

Experimental Procedures

Intranasal Dosing. On Days 1, 15 and 29, cohorts of mice (10F, 10M BALB/c mice per agent) were dosed with 20 μg of either sterile PBS, Sp2CBMTD or HEX17 via the intranasal route, under recoverable gaseous anaesthesia (isoflurane/oxygen mix), at a fixed volume of 40 μL.

Body Weights and Post-dose Observations. All mice were weighed twice weekly from Day −1 until the end of the study (Day 35). Post-dose observations were recorded every 15 min for the first 2 h after dose administration and then every 30 min for the next 6h.

Analysis of tissue samples. Mouse tissue (serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)) were tested for anti-CBM antibody responses (IgG, IgA and IgM) against either Sp2CBMTD or HEX17 as coating antigens (1 μg/well) in an ELISA format. Absorbance readings at OD_(450nm) (reference background OD_(620nm)) were measured for each sample after reaction of an HRP-conjugated detection antibody with its chromogenic substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), to the different antibody types.

Results:

Clinical Scores.

Further studies into the effect of repeat intranasal dosing of Sp2CBMTD and Hex17 in mice reveals that neither molecule had any significant effect on bodyweight or food consumption. Further, at later doses, HEX17 appears to be better tolerated, with some (resolving) clinical signs (including piloerection, hunched posture, underactivity, partially closed eyes and irregular breathing) being noted for a limited period after Sp2CBMTD administration.

Anti-mCBM Antibody Analysis of Serum and BAL Tissue from Mice.

The data shown in FIG. 12 indicated that after 35 days, where mice were given 3 doses of 20 μg CBM every two weeks between Days 1 and 29, an adaptive immune response was induced to both CBMs. HEX17 (an example of a modified or ‘de-immunized” CBM where epitopes are modified based on human MHC-class II binding information as described previously) demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) reduction of IgA in both BAL and serum tissues compared to Sp2CBMTD-treated mice. This was observed against both coated antigens. The difference in IgA response between the two candidates was also significant between male and female mice. The difference in IgG response was more evident in BAL samples than in sera. There was also a significant reduction of IgM levels from both BAL and serum samples when tested against Sp2CBMTD, but this was not significant in HEX17-coated plates. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A sialic acid binding molecule comprising one or more modified family 40 carbohydrate binding module(s) (CBM40(s)).
 2. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the molecule comprises two modified CBM40s.
 3. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein each modified CBM40 comprises one or more mutations relative to a reference sequence.
 4. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 3, wherein the reference sequence is selected from the group consisting of: (i) a wild type family 40 CBM sequence; (ii) a wild type CBM40 sequence from Vibrio cholerae; (iii) the NanH sialidase sequence of Vibrio cholerae; (iv) a wild type CBM40 sequences from Streptococcus pneumoniae; (v) the NanA sialidase sequence of Streptococcus pneumoniae; (vi) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; (vii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; (viii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; and (ix) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 5. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 3, wherein the mutation is selected from the group consisting of: (i) one or more amino acid substitution(s); (ii) one or more amino acid deletion(s); (iii) one or more amino acid addition(s)/insertion(s); (iv) one or more amino acid/sequence inversions; and (v) one or more amino acid/sequence duplications.
 6. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the sialic acid binding molecule further comprises a modified oligomerisation domain.
 7. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 6, wherein the modified oligomerisation domain contains one or more mutations relative to a reference sequence.
 8. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 7, wherein the reference sequence is selected from the group consisting of: (i) a wild type Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudaminidase sequence; (ii) the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudaminidase amino acid sequence deposited under accession number Q9L6G4; (iii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; and (iv) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 14. 9. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the sialic acid molecule modulates IL-8 expression.
 10. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the sialic acid binding molecule inhibits IL-8 expression.
 11. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the sialic acid binding molecule inhibits IL-8 expression in A549 cells.
 12. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein relative to the CBM sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the modified CBM comprises amino acid substitution(s) within one or more of the amino acid regions selected from the group consisting of: aa 127-135 of SEQ ID NO: 1; aa 146-178 of SEQ ID NO: 1; aa 182-196 of SEQ ID NO: 1; aa 204-228 of SEQ ID NO: 1; aa 239-254 of SEQ ID NO: 1; aa 257-265 of SEQ ID NO: 1; aa 267-275 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and aa 284-300 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 13. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the modified CBM40 is derived from the CBM sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and relative to the CBM sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 the modified CBM40 of the sialic acid binding molecule comprises amino acid substitution(s) at any one or more of” aa 162 of SEQ ID NO: 1; aa 239 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and aa 246 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 14. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the modified CBM40 is derived from the CBM sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and relative to the CBM sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 the modified CBM40 of the sialic acid binding molecule comprises a substitution of the alanine residue at position 162 with a proline residue.
 15. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the modified CBM40 is derived from the CBM sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and relative to the CBM sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 the modified CBM40 of the sialic acid binding molecule comprises: a substitution of the alanine residue at position 162 with a proline residue; a substitution of the valine residue at position 239 with an alanine residue; and a substitution of the valine residue at position 246 of with a glycine residue.
 16. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 7, wherein the modified oligomerisation domain is derived from the oligomerisation domain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 and relative to the oligomerisation domain of SEQ ID NO: 13 the modified oligomerisation domain of the sialic acid binding molecule comprises: an amino acid substitution at position 342; and/or an amino acid substitution at position
 239. 17. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 7, wherein the modified oligomerisation domain is derived from the oligomerisation domain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 and relative to the oligomerisation domain of SEQ ID NO: 13 the modified oligomerisation domain of the sialic acid binding molecule comprises: a substitution of the serine residue at position 342 with an aspartate residue; and a substitution of the valine residue at position 239 with a lysine residue.
 18. A method of modulating IL-8 expression, said method comprising administering a subject an IL-8 expression modulating amount of the sialic acid binding molecule of claim
 1. 19. A CBM variant of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said variant inhibits IL-8 expression and the amino acid sequence of said variant CBM differs from SEQ ID NO:1 by one or more amino acid mutations.
 20. The CBM variant of claim 19, wherein the variant CBM differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 by at least an A162P mutation.
 21. The CBM variant of claim 19, wherein the variant inhibits IL-8 expression in an A549 cell.
 22. A sialic acid binding molecule comprising the CBM variant of claim
 19. 23. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 22, wherein the molecule comprises two modified CBM40s.
 24. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 22, wherein the sialic acid binding molecule further comprises a modified oligomerisation domain.
 25. The sialic acid binding molecule of claim 24, wherein the modified oligomerisation domain contains one or more mutations relative to a reference oligomerisation domain sequence. 